How Native Language Influences Perception Of The World

Throughout the history of the human race a multitude of different cultures have emerged all throughout the world. With these cultures has come the development of thousands of different languages, each encompassing unique characteristics, stories, ideals, and beliefs embodied by these cultures. As the world continues to be in constant change and growth, globalization has caused many of these languages to become extinct. Linguistic anthropologists are working hard to prevent this from happening any further and are also attempting to revive lost native languages, a very important process to these native cultures as well as all of humanity. Native language provides a sense of identity to the people of the culture from which it originates and also a linguistic diversity to our world. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proves just how much language influences perception of the world and reflects the beliefs held by individuals associated with the language. Since every language is so unique, reviving a lost native language is culturally significant in many ways. Language is a large part of culture and with the diminishing of a language also comes the demise of the culture tied to that language. In reviving a lost language we are also reviving that culture as well, bringing back new ideas, thoughts, and stories that may have been lost along with the loss of the language. In the text, Cultural Anthropology, it explains, â€Å"different languages express different thoughts and cultural content,Show MoreRelatedDeaf Perceptions Of The Deaf1510 Words   |  7 PagesDeaf Perceptions of Animacy Deaf culture has long been misunderstood and misrepresented within America, in part due to the significant language barrier between the American Deaf and their hearing counterparts. 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Cross cultural communication studies how people from different countries, social status, and upbringing interact with each other In this new era of globalization cross cultural communication in organization it is not no longer a theory because of all the transformation that are happening are in the world we live in. People from different backgrounds interact more than they used to do

Study of Brand Loyalty Towards the Organized Retail Stores Free Essays

Insights into Indian English Fiction and Drama Edited by Capt. Dr. Arvind M. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Brand Loyalty Towards the Organized Retail Stores or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nawale Access -An Academic Consortium Publication ISBN No. 978-81-921254-3-5 Aspects of Campus Novel in Makarand Paranjape’s The Narrator: A Novel Shridevi P. G. The Narrator: A Novel is the well-known critic Makarand Paranjape’s debut novel, published in 1995. It is a mishmash of several stories woven together and presented to us from view-points of several writer-narrators or character- narrators. This novel has attracted considerable interest in the academicians because of the unique narratology of the novel which is different from the rest of the Indian novels written in English. The novel is experimental, and breaks away from the conventional methods of story-telling used in Indian English Fiction. Throughout the narrative, the readers notice that there is little attempt to create an illusion of realism or naturalism. 1 With the use of multivoiced and polyphonic narration, as in the great epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, the writer tries to relocate himself with the ancient Indian tradition of the narratology. The story of the novel can be divided into three main threads: The first is the story of Rahul Patwardhan, lecturer in English at Asafia University, Hyderabad who is suffering from creative schizophrenia since his childhood and, in the process has a libidinal alter ego, Baddy. The second is the story of Badrinath Dhanda, who comes out of Rahul through emanation. The fi nal thread is that of the movie script, Manpasand. Campus novel is a kind of novel which originated in the West but is emerging as a very prominent sub-genre in Indian English Fiction. As David Lodge, a well-known practitioner of this sub-genre opines, Campus Novel is mainly concerned with the lives of University professors and junior teachers. 3 The present paper attempts to explore the aspects of campus novel in this novel. The novel centers around Rahul Patwardhan who is a lecturer in English at the Asafia University, Hyderabad. His reputation as a lecturer is displayed when he meets his Head of the Department in the novel. The Head of the Department does not doubt him when he lies; asking for leave for four days on the pretext of illness and reading accepts it. This is because, this type of aberration was a recent development in Rahul’s character, and is therefore unknown to the Head of Department. The author presents the characteristics of a good lecturer through Rahul Patwardhan’s character. He is responsible about his duties as a lecturer: †¦. tomorrow was Monday. I had to teach. It was the beginning of a new week. I couldn’t afford to have a very late night today. But meeting him tomorrow would screw up Tuesday’s schedule. [TNAN 67] His anxiety to complete the syllabus is also depicted in the novel. He abstains from listening to the gory details of incest when Badrinath is narrating his story. When Badri goes on describing how the ugly women are better partners then the beautiful ones, Rahul is unable to contribute his view as he is a loyal husband to Neha and thus had slept only with her. It is the curiosity generated in him by his literary sensibility or on humanitarian inclination that he expresses his wish of meeting prostitutes. He thinks, What were these women like? What did they feel? What was the meaning of their lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I was interested in getting to see them at close quarters. I told myself I didn’t want the sex, but only the experience of meeting a prostitute, of talking to her, getting to know her. [ TNAN 168] Rahul immediately revolts at Badri’s mention of co-habition with college girls. â€Å"For heaven’s sake, Badri, I teach them myself†. â€Å"You never know†, he continued, â€Å"you may even meet one of your students! † â€Å"Please, Badri, stop it†. [TNAN 168] This conversation indicates Rahul’s strong professional ethics. He has also followed certain principles in life which are unfortunately jettisoned after his acquaintance with Badri. He leaves a lot of food on his table, much against his principle of not wasting food He starts lying and finds people believing it easily He consumes beer He cohabits with a prostitute. This shows that he had been morally corrupted to a certain extent. This task of corrupting Rahul had been attempted several times by Baddy but all of them had been found fruitless. But years later Badri proves successful in this. The Novel sketches Rahul’s academic progress and his strict regimen for his Ph. D. , degree quite conspicuously. He would religiously enter the library every morning and work till the evening, often skipping his lunch. Sometimes, I wondered if I would ever get out of the library alive. I mean, I was losing all sense of time. I thought to myself that one day they would find my bones in the musty corridors, resting somewhere among the shelves full of books. [TNAN 75] He describes his guide as a ‘cool guy’ whose motto was â€Å"Do what you like, but show me the final draft within five years†. [TNAN 75] The under note of sarcasm does not go unnoticed in this line which highlights the negligence or failure of some guides to train their research scholars. The procedure of Ph. D. degree is also briefly explained. He says, â€Å"My five years in Hyderabad passed. I submitted my thesis in October 1986; the viva was held next year in April†. [TNAN 75] The whole description of this kind reminds one of Saros Cowasjee’s novel Goodbye to Elsa where similar kind of description of the research methodology is found. Rahul also writes an introductory guide to fiction entitled â€Å"Indian English Fiction – Theory and Practice† the first 500 copies of which are sold out in six months and it then goes into second edition. The relation between colleagues also forms an important aspect of the campus. Here this is displayed through Rahul’s relationship with Raghavan. Their addressing each other with abusive words indicates their intimacy. Both were doing doctoral research. Though Rahul is younger of the two, he had got the job before Raghavan and thus was technically senior to him and which made Raghavan grumble. â€Å"We were, in a sense, rivals, but had never stopped being friends†. [TNAN 148] One interesting point found here is the absence of professional jealousy which is very common among colleagues and which is found in most of the campus novels like M. K. Naik’s Corridors of Knowledge, Ranga Rao’s The Drunk Tantra, Rita Joshi’s The Awakening –A Novella in Rhyme. Students are the inevitable and the most significant aspect of campus novels. Even in this novel, the behavior and misadventures of students are pictured in an amiable way. Rahul presents two sets of students – his classmates when he was studying and his students, after he becomes a lecturer. Rahul joins Tambaram College, which had a history of 150 years but had become a semiwild campus with the kind of behavior of the students. Music and drugs were the two things which dominated the college. â€Å"Bunking classes, acting wild, breaking rules, and doing the unconventional thing were considered hip. There was nothing worse than being a good boy; it was the most despicable way to live†. [ TNAN 55-56] The students think of themselves as the lost generation, India’s equivalent of the hippies. The senior students spent most of their time smoking and listening to music. The mention of a ‘drunken brawl’ among students is made in such a way that it is not very uncommon in colleges. In one such quarrel a student was stabbed. An instance of suicide committed by a student is also pictured. He had consumed downers and jumped off the top floor of the International Students’ Hostel because he had stolen a large sum of money from one of his friends and had blown it all on drugs. With these instances the novelist seems to be indicating the lack of discipline and control among the students. The novelist then describes the drinking bouts of the students and the way they acquired booze. The first of the two ways of getting booze was through someone in the Air Force Station which was quite near the college. When this became much difficult by the Commanding Officer’s instructions, the students were left with the second and the more strenuous way. The students would travel five long hours to Pondicherry and would lounge about the beaches the whole day, drinking and chattering continuously on all sorts of topics. They would then take the night bus back with one or two bottles of rum with them. They would try to trick the cops by using a very cheap bag and keeping it away from themselves. So that even in a surprise check they wouldn’t get caught. And if by chance they get caught redhanded, they would simply give it away to the cop so that he would let them go. The students did not even hesitate to start ‘visiting’- a word used by the author for visiting a prostitute. And they were available right outside the college gates after dark. About affairs, the writer says that only rich guys could afford them by giving expensive gifts to the ‘chicks’ from the women’s college. Love affairs are an indispensable aspect of the campus and so forms one of the aspects of campus novel. But most of the campus novels exhibit a very frank treatment of sex. few examples are- Saros Cowasjee’s Goodbye to Elsa, K. M. Trishanku’s Onion Peel, Rani Dharker’s The Virgin Syndrome, etc. The Narrator also depicts sex quite freely. The novel abounds in extramarital relationships, child abuse, incest, sodomy, mental adultery, voluptuousness and pure love. Rahul’s students are brought in only in on e scene but this one episode reveals a lot about the students of the present generation. When Rahul enters 15 minutes late to the class, giving the reason that he had a late night, some students titter taking his words as an indication of a private encounter. Many students had left for coffee not to return to the class. Their lack of patience and audacity is expressed in the words-â€Å"Oh Sir, they went of for coffee when you didn’t show up until ten-fifteen†. [TNAN 96] and today’s teachers also seem to accept this kind of behavior. The novel can also be considered Crit-Fiction. â€Å"Crit-Fiction† is a kind of novel which is written by a lecturer or a professor. In the recent years many professors have started writing novels. A few examples of such Indian writers are Manju Kapoor, M. K. Naik, Amitav Ghosh, Anita Desai, Meena Alexander and others. As Elaine Showalter puts it, the novelist before writing his novel should create or imagine a world which has some kind of logical relation to the real world, within which he can explore the themes that interest him through the narrative. The university or college provides such a world ready-made – a small world which is a kind of microcosm of the larger world. An author’s writing will be realistic if it is inspired by his experience. The author Makarand Paranjape has been able to write about the campus so lucidly because he was a professor and has the first-hand information about the aspects of campus. It is quite interesting that in the novel The Narrator, the protagonist, Rahul Patwardhan is also a lecturer and he too is a writer. Finally one cannot afford to overlook the very unique and exalting theme of the novel which is the difficulty of writing a work of art. Rahul had such an extensive knowledge about the narratology or the art of the narrative, that he had become an inhibiting influence on Baddy, the other half of his split personality, as he shot down Baddy’s attempts of writing narratives. I knew too bloody much about the theory to let even my imagination do the actual writing. TNAN 75] He discusses his difficulty with Dr. Jenny O’Sullivan, a visiting British Council scholar, who had come to visit Hyderabad, researching on a book to be set in India. I am too critical; I cannot get to put pen to paper without scratching out what I’ve written. [TNAN 258] By O’Sullivan’s suggestion, he finds out the solution: Every attempt at creation is f ounded upon a similar act of deconstruction. Writing, thus, is a cruel activity. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Before one writes one had to give birth to a writing self. This is the self which will then invent characters, situations, and themes. [ TNAN 269] The novel The Narrator: A Novel has many aspects of campus novel in it like the kind of life lead by a lecturer, his loyalty and involvement in his academic pursuits, his struggle to produce substantial literary works, his relations with his colleagues and students; the behavior of the students, their misadventures; the lavish lifestyles of students who are not disciplined either by the parents or the authorities in the college, their love affairs etc. re delineated in a very conducive way. The protagonist’s views both as a student and then as a lecturer are involved in the novel. Makarand Paranjape has been able to throw sufficient light on all these aspects of campus life as he has been a professor and very well-acquainted with the campus. So with the points discussed so far, The Narrator: A Novel can be considered a campus novel. Works Cited 1. Rahul Chaturvedi, â€Å"Self as Narrative in The Narrator: A Novel: A Narratological Perspective†, The Criterion: An International Journal in English, ISSN 0976-8165 Vol. II. -Issue 1, 2011. 2. http://www. makarand. com/reviews/ReviewsofTheNarrator. html. 3. http://is. muni. cz/th/66512/ff_b/Bakalarska_prace_24. 4. 2006. doc 4. Makarand Paranjape, The Narrator: A Novel, (New Delhi: Rupa Co. 1995), Hereafter cited as TNAN with page nos. in parentheses. 5. Showalter, Elaine- Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and its Discontents; Oxford University Press, 2005. 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Case Study Reed Hastings Leadership & Governance of Netflix

Question: 1. Analyse the following questions based on the case scenario. You need to present and EVALUATE the facts and explore the hidden leadership principles behind these facts? How did Hastings change his use of communications in sending and receiving messages from Pure Software to Netflix? How did Hastings change his use of feedback from Pure Software to Netflix? How did Hastings change his use of coaching guidelines from Pure Software to Netflix? Which conflict management style did Hastings tend to use at Pure and Netflix? In making a deal with Epix, which conflict management style was most likely used by Netflix? 2. How would you improve Netflixs product offerings (i.e., what things cant you watch that you would like to watch) or processes (i.e., how can it improve its delivery or service)? 3. Which level or levels of analysis and leadership paradigm are presented in this case, and did Hastings use the management or leadership paradigm? 4. How did Hastings Big Five model of personality leadership traits change from Pure Software to Netflix? 5. Which University of Iowa leadership styles did Hastings use at Pure Software and Netflix? 6. Explain how power, organisational politics, networking, and negotiation are, or are not, discussed in the case? Answer: 1. Introduction Effective leadership is the key to success for all organisations (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). No organisation can survive in a long run without having a clearly defined and realistic vision and this vision is created by a leader who lives by the values that supports his vision. Leaders possess the inherit charisma with which they influence their followers to live by values. The case depicts various leadership styles and theories practiced by Reed Hastings, CEO Netflix. It studies how change in leadership style helped Hastings in making Netflix the worlds leading internet subscription service that enable customers enjoy numerous movies and TV shows. Founded in year 1997, Netflix today operates in around 50 countries and has above 50 million subscribers (Netflix, 2014). Reed Hastings is cofounder of Netflix which he started after his former company Pure Software was acquired by Rational Software. Hastings is an active educational philanthropist and had been one of the board members of companies like Face book and Microsoft. Hastings communication style at Pure Software and Netflix Effective communication is the greatest strength of an effective leader (Bass Bass, 2009). Communication is the process by which sender transmits its message to the receiver through verbal, non-verbal or written signals (Blundel Ippolito, 2008). In order to maintain a healthy relationship with employees it is essential that all important information are effectively communicated to employees which further helps enhancing job satisfaction and reducing uncertainty. Effective communication is primarily responsible for building a knowledge sharing workplace culture (Fielding, 2006). At Pure Software Hastings used autocratic leadership style wherein he imposed his wishes on his people. He preferred one-way communication wherein he never encouraged his people to openly share their views and ideas. He never asked his people for their input and made all decisions by himself. He used negative verbal and non-verbal communication style wherein he rolled his eyes and passed critical comments wh en he found that ideas shared by employees were not useful. This way of communication greatly de-motivated his employee who refrained themselves from participating in any discussions. Authoritarian leadership communication style result in creation of task culture where people are judged based on their level of productivity and not quality (Murithi, et al., 2011). However this communication style result in an increase in productivity in presence of the leader only and when the leader is absent productivity tends to decrease. It results in high level of aggression among employee which ultimately leads to high attrition rate. At Netflix Hastings wanted to develop a workplace culture where people enjoyed coming everyday thus he preferred participative leadership style. Participative leaders encourage two-way communication where employees are encouraged to openly share their views and participate in decision making (Daft, 2014). Hastings encouraged his employees at Netflix to provide inputs and used positive communication style like further questioning them over their ideas. The main advantage of this communication style is that employees display high productivity and quality even when the leader is not present. Culture at Netflix is similar to entrepreneurial culture where people are highly motivation and display high degree of creativity and innovation. However leaders using this form of communication is at times taken for granted as they do not make use of their powers to direct employees. Hastings choice of feedback method at Pure Software and Netflix Feedback is a process where in one party gets the input from other party on the work done by first party for second one (Bakliwal, 2011). There could be different way of communicating feedback, however most effective and constructive way depends upon the time and basis on which it is given. Generally every manager or supervisor should provide feedback immediately to their employees as soon as the work gets completed and it should always be given on the basis of some facts and statistic (Fox, 2007). It should not always be subjective, but good mix of objective and subjective contents. It also depends on the leadership style, as we can see that in Pure Software, Hasting followed Stop, Start and Continue approach to provide feedback to its employees. It represents or similar to autocratic leadership style where in manager gave his employees step by step directional order, like when to stop, start and when to continue. In this feedback process, there is only one way of communication proc ess which flows from boss to its employees. Drawback of this process is that employees decision making process becomes dull and they just followed the order given to them by their supervisors. However, in Netflix he followed participative approach wherein he showed respect to its employees as well. He adopted Feedback Sandwich method, where in process start on constructive note and then discussion goes on how to improve things and again end with on a positive note. Hastings choice of coaching guidelines at Pure Software and Netflix Coaching is defined as the process by which leaders provide motivational feedback to their employees which further helps enhancing their overall performance (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). Choice of coaching guidelines depends on leaders choice of leadership style. At Pure Software Hastings used autocratic leadership style where followers are forced to follow the path showed by the leader. However in case of Netflix he used participative leadership style where followers are encouraged to choose their own ways of working and the leader acts as a part of the group. He uses his skills and expertise to support employees in making their own decisions. At Netflix Hastings focused on developing a supportive working relationship by supporting his employee in finding right solutions. He stopped blaming and embarrassing his employees and started praising them and recognising their efforts. He stopped focusing on productivity of the employees and started emphasizing on their behaviour and p erformance quality. Employee where empowered enough to make their decisions and evaluate their outcomes. He emphasized on providing timely but flexible feedback that was specific and descriptive in nature. At Netflix he used job instructional training so that employees feel confident about their decisions. They were no more criticised if their solutions were not up to the mark. Hastings choice of conflict management style at Pure Software and Netflix Conflicts are very common in a human environment and leaders choice of conflict management style determines the culture of an organisation (Hall, 2008). Forcing conflict management style was used by Hastings at Pure Software where his ultimate goal was to get the tasks done by his employees according to the ways directed by him. Aggressive and uncooperative behaviour characterises forcing conflict style where the leader is just concerned about satisfying his personal interest and has no concern about interest of his followers (Bakliwal, 2011). This style helps making tough decisions that are more effective than decisions made as a result of compromise to meet the expectations of all. Excessive use of this style creates a negative image for the leader. Collaborating conflict management style also called as problem-solving style is used by Hastings at Netflix. Assertive and cooperative behaviour characterises collaborating conflict style where the user assertively tries to resolve the conflict by involving other people and solves the conflict in a way that it satisfies interest of all members involved (Blundel Ippolito, 2008). All members involved in decision making are more concerned about their own interest however emphasis is made to solve the issue in a way that its benefits all. This style delivers the best possible solution for an issue as it involves assertiveness. This style however requires more time, skills and efforts to resolve a conflict. Hastings conflict management style for making a deal with Epix Negotiating conflict management style was used by Hastings to win the Epix deal with Netflix. This style resolves the conflict by using the principle of give and take (Daft, 2014). The solution is beneficial to both the parties involved and they take advantage of each others expertise. It is also referred to as compromising style which maintains a balance between assertiveness and cooperation. This style consumes comparatively less time and efforts and also helps in maintaining healthy interpersonal relations. The main disadvantage of this style is that people involved many times play games by making demands that are not justified (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Hastings made a choice of this conflict management style as the deal was complex in nature and he wanted to decide on terms that favoured both the parties. 2. Recommendations for improving product offerings and processes of Netflix Netflix should make further attempts to improve their customer services. They should conduct online surveys and other campaigns to collect as much customer feedbacks as possible. Existing customer comments on online forums reveal that they feel Netflix services are overpriced. They should conduct competitor analysis to find out ways by which they can provide their services at comparatively affordable prices. They should focus more on their marketing strategies and promotion techniques so that they can reach more customers and spread brand awareness. They can use various sales promotion techniques like discount coupons and customer loyalty cards in order to retain customers. They should try uploading latest videos and movies in order to meet customer demands. DVD-by-mail service is expected to grow in near future thus Netflix should focus more on improving this service. In order to become more social they should incorporate improved fan/ community features within their services. Netfl ix should not be treated as a service but a network that connects people with common interest. Attempts should be made to become a customer-oriented subscription service but meeting the demand of todays dynamic customers. They should keep track of their loyal customers and should update them when their desired videos and movie arrive. This will help them increasing brand loyalty. 3. Leadership paradigms presented in the case Classical and transformational leadership paradigms are the two paradigms presented in the case. At Pure Software Hastings displays the use of autocratic leadership style wherein he directs his followers to get the work done according to his ways. Hastings leadership style at Pure Software is an example of classical leadership paradigm where he is seen as a directive leader who is task-oriented and has no interest in growth and development of his followers (Fox, 2007). At Netflix Hastings chooses to change his leadership style to participative leadership style wherein he encouraged his employees to share their views and be innovative. His leadership style at Netflix is an example of visionary/ transformational leadership paradigm where the leader is people-oriented and is greatly concerned about the growth and development of his followers (Blundel Ippolito, 2008). Hastings had a vision for Netflix and used innovation as a means of achieving his vision. 4. Hastings big five personality leadership traits at Pure Software and Netflix Hastings displayed a completely different personality at both his companies. Openness: Hastings displayed high degree of creativity at both the companies however he was more open to new ideas and options at Netflix. Stability: Hastings displayed remarkable problem solving capabilities at both the companies however at Netflix he showed more stability as compared to Pure Software and never embarrassed his employee if their ideas where not up to the mark. Sociability: Hastings is seen to be an introvert at Pure Software and as an extrovert at Netflix. Thus his sociability has increased at Netflix as compared to Pure Software. Agreeableness: Effective leaders are always seen to possess low level of agreeableness. Hastings encouraged his employee to share their views however also asked them to show how their ideas will actually work. Thus he possessed low level of agreeableness. Conscientiousness: Hastings is always seen as a goal-oriented leader who puts in best efforts to achieve desired goals. At both Pure Software and Netflix he displayed high level of Conscientiousness. 5. Hastings choice of University of Iowa leadership style at Pure Software and Netflix Autocratic leadership style is used by Hastings at Pure Software where he never asked his employees for their inputs and made all important decisions by himself (Bass Bass, 2009). He is seen as a task-oriented leader who is not concerned about his employees and treats them as mere machines. However at Netflix Hastings used democratic leadership style and is seen as a people-oriented leader who is greatly concerned about the growth of his employees (Bass Bass, 2009). He encouraged his employee to provide input and considered them while making important decisions. At Netflix he is respected by his employees and is seen as a role model. He is the prime reason behind the remarkable success of Netflix. 6. Analysis of how organisational politics, power, negotiation and networking are discussed or not in the case The Reed Hastings-Netflix case depicts in a very effective manner how choice of leadership style affects the growth of an organisation as a whole. Hastings use of power has been effectively discussed in the way he embarrassed his employees at Pure Software and made them follow his rules (Fairholm, 2009). Throughout the case there is almost no mention of how Hastings handled issues like organisational politics. The case discusses about the contract between Epix and Netflix but does not go in details how Hastings used his negotiation skills to win the contract. Also there is no mention of how he used his negotiation skills with his employees and clients. Networking is discussed in the case but not in details enough to understand its role in the remarkable success of Netflix. Conclusion Leaders choice of leadership style and theories frame the culture of an organisation and is primarily responsible for the motivation of its employees. Leaders always act as a role model for their followers and tend to live by their values to achieve common organisational goals and performance objectives. An in-depth analysis of the case reveals that its Hastings change in his leadership style, communication, feedback and conflict management style that has made Netflix what it is today. It shows that people-oriented leaders always create a workplace where employees enjoy coming every day. References Armstrong, M. Stephens, T., (2005) A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Bakliwal, V. K., (2011) Production and Operation Management. New Delhi: Pinnacle Technology. Bass, B. M. Bass, R., (2009) The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Simon and Schuster. Blundel, R. Ippolito, K., (2008) Effective Organisational Communication: Perspectives, Principles and Practices. London: FT Prentice Hall. Daft, R., (2014) The Leadership Experience. New York: Cengage Learning. Fairholm, G. W., (2009) Organizational Power Politics: Tactics in Organizational Leadership. Westport: ABC-CLIO. Fielding, M., (2006) Effective Communication in Organisations. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Fox, W., (2007) Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Hall, A., (2008) Overcoming Resistance to Organizational Change Initiatives. Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution, 1(1), pp. 1-11. Hellriegel, D. John W. Slocum, J., (2011) Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Murithi, T., Cheney, G., May, S. Munshi, D., (2011) Handbook of Communication Ethics. New Jersey: Routledge. Netflix, (2014) Officers Directors. [Online] Available at: https://ir.netflix.com/management.cfm [Accessed 2014].